I Spy

Many methods are used to encrypt and decrypt a message. Coding a message in a way so as to make it unreadable for others is called Encryption, and making it readable again is called decrypting it. You need the same code to encrypt/decrypt a message – this code is called a cipher.

Morse code is a very common coding technique, in which each letter is represented by a sequence of dots and dashes. This was developed by Samuel F.B. Morse. For emergency signals, Morse code can be sent by way of improvised sources that can be easily "keyed" on and off, making Morse code one of the most versatile methods of telecommunication in existence. The most important Morse code is SOS – Save our Souls.

There are other ways of encoding a message. You and your friend can substitute each alphabet of your message with another and form a personal cipher! You can also use invisible ink and do some serious spying around!!!

LandForms

Landforms are the features that make up earth’s surface. They can be as big as Oceans, or as small as ponds! A formation of dirt and rock on the Earth’s surface is called a Landform.

Archipelago: A group of islands together is called an Archipelago. It can range from a few to thousands of Islands. As volcanoes erupt under water, they start to form land above the water which is what we call an island. As the volcanoes shift or a group of volcanoes erupt over years, they start to form a group of islands that we can call an archipelago.

Bay : A Bay landform is a body of water that is partially surrounded by land. You may think of it as a large lake opened to a bigger body of water such as an ocean. A bay has a much smaller opening than a gulf. Oceans have created many bays through erosion of land and deposits to the land. The Ice Age formed a lot of the bays we have today too.

Cove: A cove is small, horseshoe-shaped body of water along the coast; the water is surrounded by land formed of soft rock. E.g. Fisherman’s Cove.

Gulf: A gulf landform is the sea or ocean that reaches into land. When looking from outer space, it looks like the arm of ocean has extended into the land.

A gulf is formed naturally throughout time, either by erosion of land or through crustal movements of Earth.

Strait: Strait is a a narrow waterway connecting two larger bodies of water. There is land on two sides of a strait.

Isthmus: isthmus is a narrow strip of land with water on both sides connecting two larger pieces of land. An isthmus will have water on two sides.

Peninsula: is a part of land surrounded by water on 3 sides.

Channel: A channel is a body of water that connects two larger bodies of water (like the English Channel). A channel is also a part of a river or harbor that is deep enough to let ships sail through.

Geyser: Geysers are natural springs of water and steam, that occasionally come out of earth’s surface. Some Geysers erupt with amazing regularity.

Swamp: an area of land that is always soaked with water; low, wet land that supports grass and trees. A Marsh can not support trees, but a swamp can.

Fjord: Fjord is a narrow inlet of the sea between high banks or cliffs. Fjords are created by glaciers.

Cape: Cape is a curved or a hooked piece of land that extends into a body of water.

Lagoon: laggon is a shallow body of water. It is located near a sea or an ocean.

Valley: valleys are low lands located between high hills or mountains.

Prairie: A prairie is a wide, relatively flat area of land that has grasses and only a few trees. Prairies consist of large plain areas and tall grasses.

Waterfall: When a river water makes a sharp drop, usually over a cliff, it is called as a waterfall. A cascade of waterfalls is called a Cataract.

Cliff: Cliffs are almost vertical formations made of rock and soil. It is rather high and has a very steep slope.

Butte/Mesa: A mesa is a land formation with a flat area on top and steep walls - usually occurring in dry areas. A butte is a flat-topped rock or hill formation with steep sides. Mesa are bigger than Buttes.

Plateau :Plateau is a flat highland area with one steep face. It also boasts of elevated plain.

Canyon: Two steep cliffs with a valley running between them. There is often a river that runs through the two. A canyon has to be formed through erosion.

Indian States

India - the country we live in is truly a special place. It is the 2nd populous, 7th largest country in the world. On 15 August 1947, India gained independence from British rule, but at the same time the Muslim-majority areas were partitioned to form a separate state of Pakistan. On 26 January 1950, India became a republic and a new constitution came into effect. India is a republic consisting of 28 states and seven union territories with a parliamentary system of democracy.

States:

1. Andhra Pradesh 2.Arunachal Pradesh 3.Assam 4. Bihar 5.Chhattisgarh 6.Goa 7.Gujarat 8.Haryana 9.Himachal Pradesh 10.Jammu and Kashmir 11. Jharkhand 12.Karnataka 13. Kerala 14.Madhya Pradesh 15.Maharashtra 6.Manipur 17.Meghalaya 18.Mizoram 19.Nagaland 20.Orissa 21.Punjab 22. Rajasthan 23.Sikkim 24. Tamil Nadu 25.Tripura 26.Uttar Pradesh 27.Uttarakhand 28.West Bengal

Union Territories:

A. Andaman and Nicobar Islands B. Chandigarh C. Dadra and Nagar Haveli D. Daman and Diu E. Lakshadweep F. National Capital Territory of Delhi G. Puducherry

COLOURS

COLOURS

All colours, as we see them, form the visible spectrum of light, and they come from the WHITE light.This can be seen by passing sunlight through a prism.
Our eyes have ‘Rods’ and ‘Cones’ that work together to give us the complete perception of light. There are about 120 million rods and about 6 to 7 million cones, in the human eye. Rods are more sensitive than the cones but they are not sensitive to colour. Cones can detect three of the visible colours - red - blue and green. People who suffer colour blindness have less numbers of particular cones than normal, so they get colours confused.

The primary colours are red blue and yellow. Primary colours cannot be made from other colours. Artists create all the other colours of the rainbow by mixing together the primary colours. The secondary colours are green orange and violet. Secondary colours are made by mixing two primary colours. Each secondary colour is made from the two primary colours closest to it on the colour wheel
When placed next to each other, complementary colours tend to look balanced and are colours opposite to each other on the colour wheel.

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Advertising

Advertising is providing information, calling attention to, and making known something that you want to sell or promote. It is a message designed to promote or sell a product, a service, or an idea.

Advertising takes place all over us- in various Mediums. Printed ads are found in newspapers and magazines. Poster ads are placed in buses, subways, and trains. Neon signs are scattered along the roads and over the shops. Billboards dot the landscape along our roads. Commercials interrupt radio and television programming. Famous People endorse products to increase the sales of the products.

There are many ways companies use to promote their product. They can offer free stuff to make their product more attractive. They can give tall claims about the goodness of the product in the Ads. Discounts and Sales are another way of boosting sales. Fancy Packaging is also used to lure customers. A company’s logo and tagline also plays a big role in Advertising.

One should try to be an aware customer. We must think and evaluate a product independently before purchasing it. A little research goes a long way. Comparing competing products will also give you a good idea of the options. Stay wary of false claims, fake models and loud packaging.

Making a good advertisement calls for a lot of talent. Next time you look at an Advertisement, think of all the effort gone behind it!

Great Minds

Leonardo da Vinci


Leonardo da Vinci is widely considered as the most talented person of all times. He was an accomplished painter, sculptor, great inventor, military engineer, scientist, botanist, and mathematician.

Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452 in central Italy. At the early age of 14, Leonardo's father recognized what great talent he had with painting. In fact, Leonardo had painted the picture of a dragon that looked so real that it actually scared his father when looking at it. Father and son made a journey to visit Andrea del Verrocchio, a well-known artist, where Leonardo became an apprentice under Verrocchio. This job kept Leonardo very busy.

By the age of 30, Leonardo began sketching and writing daily into notebooks. One of the forms of writing that Leonardo took a fancy to was mirror writing. Some of the famous art works of Leonardo are The Last Supper and Mona Lisa.

He is also credited with inventing or first designed Battleships, Printing Press, Parachute, Flying Machines , Helicopter and Spring-driven Car.

Maybe even more impressive than his artistic work are his detailed studies in anatomy, engineering, and many other areas. He recorded his results in detailed notebooks which combine art and science.



Thomas Alva Edison

Thomas Alva Edison is one of the greatest inventors in history and was responsible for more inventions than any other inventor. Altogether he did 1093 inventions. Some of his inventions developed and improved other peoples’.At school his teacher thought his ideas were crazy and that he might have a learning difficulty. After that, his mother taught him at home. He was full of curiosity and she encouraged him to learn things for himself.

As a child, he grew vegetables and sold them in town. At 12 he got a job selling newspapers on a train, and, at 15, started his own weekly newspaper . He worked as a telegraph operator and in 1869, at 22, he moved to New York where he worked for a gold company. When the machine that printed gold prices broke down, Edison fixed it, then invented a machine that did the job better. This invention made him a lot of money, and with it he set up his own workshop where he manufactured these machines, as well as telegraph machinery.

Edison's favourite invention was the phonograph, first ever instrument to record and playback sounds. Edison worked to discover a way of improving the electric light bulb invented in England by Sir Joseph Swan. He developed a 16 watt bulb that lasted 1500 hours. To make his invention practical for everyday life, he invented ways of producing electricity and distributing it through wires to homes and businesses. In 1882 New York became the first city to be lit by electric lights using generators designed by Thomas Edison. Edison also improved the telephone system that had been invented by Alexander Graham Bell, and sold the Edison telephone system in England. Another Edison invention was the Kinetoscope, a box containing a strip of photographs – world’s first movie camera.